Could Bird Brains Shed Light on Sleep Disorders?

Study Reveals Key Insights in Ostrich Sleep Patterns

Updated April 28, 2024

Fact-Checked

The Sleep Foundation editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity. Our editors and medical experts rigorously evaluate every article and guide to ensure the information is factual, up-to-date, and free of bias.

The Sleep Foundation fact-checking guidelines are as follows:

We only cite reputable sources when researching our guides and articles. These include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, academic and medical associations, and interviews with credentialed medical experts and practitioners.
All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. Each guide and article includes a comprehensive bibliography with full citations and links to the original sources.
Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information.
A member of our medical expert team provides a final review of the content and sources cited for every guide, article, and product review concerning medical- and health-related topics. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication.
Plagiarism is never tolerated. Writers and editors caught stealing content or improperly citing sources are immediately terminated, and we will work to rectify the situation with the original publisher(s)
Although Sleep Foundation maintains affiliate partnerships with brands and e-commerce portals, these relationships never have any bearing on our product reviews or recommendations. Read our full Advertising Disclosure for more information.

Table of Contents

How Do Ostriches Sleep?
What Does This Mean for Human Sleep?

A new study of bird brains may help clarify what happens in the brain during sleep and pave the way for future research on sleep disorders and neurological problems in humans.

The recent study, published in The Journal of Comparative Neurology, looked at differences in brain activity between different bird species. Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source Specifically, the study compared birds of flight — including a Congo gray parrot, a Timneh gray parrot, and a pied crow — to flightless species, namely an ostrich and an emu.

The researchers, located across four continents, zeroed in on the presence or absence of cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus of the birds’ brains. These nerve cells, which produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source or ACh, play a key role in the different stages of sleep.

Notably, the study found, emus and ostriches lack cholinergic neurons in their hypothalamus, an area of the brain involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle in humans and other animals. Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source By contrast, the researchers found that the parrots and the crow — like humans — have hypothalamic cholinergic neurons.

While there’s a lack of comprehensive research on emu sleep, the recent study’s findings may explain why ostriches have such unusual sleep patterns compared with humans.

How Do Ostriches Sleep?

Contrary to popular belief, ostriches do not sleep with their heads buried in the sand. Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source They do, however, have some distinctive sleep traits.

All sleep stages can be broadly categorized into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. View Source Most animals, including humans, generally only experience one sleep stage at a time.

In the 1990s, Paul Manger, a South Africa-based professor and researcher, discovered that platypuses and other egg-laying mammals experience REM and NREM sleep in different parts of the brain at the same time. Subsequent research found that ostriches, like egg-laying mammals, can also simultaneously experience slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source

The recent study, co-authored by Manger, expands on the previous ostrich research and ties the sleep similarities between ostriches and egg-laying mammals specifically to the absence of cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus.

What Does This Mean for Human Sleep?

Research focused on cholinergic neuron dysfunction has produced important insights into understanding and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia.

Manger believes that further research into the complexities of bird brains could lead to a better understanding of human sleep and sleep disorders.

“The cholinergic system acts as a connectivity axis throughout the brain,” Manger told the online science journal Nature Africa. “Disruptions in this system can lead to the fragmentation of global brain states, and potentially contribute to sleep disorders and other neurological conditions.”

Got a hot tip? Pitch us your story idea, share your expertise with SleepFoundation.org, or let us know about your sleep experiences right here.

References
7 Sources

Mazengenya, P., Lesku, J. A., Rattenborg, N. C., & Manger, P. R. (2024). Apparent absence of hypothalamic cholinergic neurons in the common ostrich and emu: Implications for global brain states during sleep. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 532(2), e25587.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38335048/
Ahmed, N. Y., Knowles, R., & Dehorter, N. (2019). New insights into cholinergic neuron diversity. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 12, 204.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31551706/
Aulsebrook, A. E., Johnsson, R. D., & Lesku, J. A. (2021). Light, sleep and performance in diurnal birds. Clocks & Sleep, 3(1), 115–131.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33525352/
Lyamin, O. I., Kibalnikov, A. S., & Siegel, J. M. (2020). Sleep in ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus). Sleep, 44(5).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249508/
Kirsch, D. (2023, July 25). Stages and architecture of normal sleep. In S. M. Harding (Ed.). UpToDate., Retrieved April 12, 2024, from
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/stages-and-architecture-of-normal-sleep
Biyela, S. (2024, April 8). Bird brains could hold the secrets to better sleep. Nature Africa.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00118-6
Lesku, J. A., Meyer, L. C. R., Fuller, A., Maloney, S. K., Dell’Omo, G., Vyssotski, A. L., & Rattenborg, N. C. (2011). Ostriches sleep like platypuses. PLOS One, 6(8), e23203.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21887239/