Hypopnea

What Is Hypopnea?

Hypopnea is a common symptom of certain sleep-related breathing disorders, like obstructive and central sleep apnea. The technical definition of a hypopnea is 10 seconds or more of shallow breathing in which a person’s airflow drops by at least 30% Trusted Source American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) AASM sets standards and promotes excellence in sleep medicine health care, education, and research. View Source . At the same time, blood oxygen levels also drop by at least 3% or 4%. The effects of a hypopnea event become more severe Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source the longer it lasts.

In addition to hypopneas, people with sleep-related breathing disorders also experience apneas, or complete pauses in breathing, during sleep. If someone experiences an average of five or more hypopnea and apnea events per hour of sleep, they likely have a form of sleep apnea. In addition to symptoms like excessive daytime sleepiness and mood disturbances, an untreated sleep-related breathing disorder can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and liver fibrosis.

Types of Hypopnea

There are three types of hypopneas. All hypopneas are shallow breathing episodes, but because different types have different causes, they may require different treatment methods. However, it can be difficult for medical professionals to identify which type of hypopnea Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source a person is experiencing.

• Obstructive hypopnea: When hypopnea events are caused by the partial blockage of a person’s airway, they are considered obstructive Trusted Source American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) AASM sets standards and promotes excellence in sleep medicine health care, education, and research. View Source . These are commonly found in obstructive sleep apnea.
• Central hypopnea: Hypopnea events may also be caused by a reduced attempt at breathing Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source rather than blocked airflow. These central hypopnea are common in central sleep apnea and can be caused by brain stem problems and some medications Trusted Source Medline Plus MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. View Source .
• Mixed hypopnea: When a person experiences hypopneas due to a reduction in both airflow and breathing attempts Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source , they are considered mixed hypopneas. Mixed hypopneas are most common in a form of central sleep apnea that can develop in a person being treated for obstructive sleep apnea.

How Is Hypopnea Different From Sleep Apnea?

While a hypopnea is a period of shallow breathing, an apnea is a complete pause in breathing Trusted Source National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. View Source . Both hypopneas and apneas are considered breathing events. Sleep apnea is also a general term used to refer to several types of sleep-related breathing disorders.

A person is often given a diagnosis of either obstructive or central sleep apnea when they experience more hypopneas and apneas than what is considered healthy. The type of sleep apnea diagnosis given depends on the cause of the apneas and hypopneas.

While apneas are generally considered more severe than hypopneas, there is evidence that both carry similar risk factors Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source for cardiovascular disease and other illnesses. Sleep experts note that there is currently no established clinical reason for differentiating between them.

Symptoms of Hypopnea

Like apneas, hypopneas can cause the symptoms that characterize sleep apnea:

• Loud snoring
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Feeling unrefreshed upon waking
• Waking up at night to use the bathroom
• Choking or gasping during sleep
• Morning headaches
• Sexual dysfunction
• Mood disturbances
• Chronic nasal congestion
• Weight gain

People with sleep-disordered breathing may disturb their partner’s sleep Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source due to symptoms like snoring and choking. Anecdotal evidence suggests that sometimes, apnea and hypopnea symptoms are only diagnosed when the bed partner of a person who has the disorder complains about their snoring and prompts evaluation.

Causes of Hypopnea

Obstructive hypopneas occur in obstructive sleep apnea, when the airway is partially blocked during sleep. They may be caused by conditions that narrow the airway or cause throat tissue to become more prominent, such as obesity or hypothyroidism. Obstructive hypopneas can also occur because a person’s jaw shape or tonsil size causes a narrowed airway. When increased hypopneas occur in a child, it is usually due to the size of their tonsils or adenoids.

Central hypopneas occur among people who have central sleep apnea, because the brain briefly stops sending the body signals to breathe. In central sleep apnea, causes include damage to the brain stem Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source and the use of medications like opiates Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source . Recent arrival at high altitudes can also cause temporary central hypopnea symptoms.

Hypopnea Risk Factors

There are a number of risk factors that can make someone more likely to experience an increased number of hypopneas:

• Obesity
• Hypothyroidism
• Acromegaly
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Family history
• Short upper or lower jaw
• Male sex
• Smoking

Some of these factors, such as obesity or jaw shape, may directly cause hypopneas by narrowing the airway. However, factors like someone’s sex may increase their risk through other mechanisms.

Hypopnea Diagnosis

When a doctor suspects sleep-disordered breathing, they evaluate risk factors, ask questions about sleep history and general health, and possibly give an examination. However, a doctor is unlikely to conclude an increased number of hypopneas are occurring without first ordering a sleep study. Also known as polysomnography, a sleep study is the gold standard for diagnosing sleep apnea disorders.

A sleep study shows sleep specialists how many apnea or hypopnea events occur, which stage of sleep they occur in, how long they last, and other crucial information. Sleep studies also help health care providers determine if a person is experiencing obstructive or central sleep apnea.

Most sleep studies occur in specialized clinics, though some people use home sleep apnea testing. Home sleep apnea testing can be done in a person’s home, though they do not collect as much data as polysomnography. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine suggests that home sleep apnea testing Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source only be used for people that face an increased risk of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and are free from other health conditions.

Hypopnea Treatment

Doctors usually treat sleep-disordered breathing issues, which often include an increased number of hypopneas, with a combination of lifestyle changes and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Lifestyle changes may include weight loss, reducing alcohol intake, changing sleeping position, or stopping smoking.

CPAP therapy is the preferred treatment for obstructive sleep apnea and is also often used to treat central sleep apnea. CPAP machines deliver pressurized air via a hose and mask during sleep, keeping the airway open and reducing hypopnea events or preventing them from occurring. Successful treatment with a CPAP machine can have a profound positive impact on quality of life, as well as reduce blood pressure levels and risk of cardiovascular disease.

In addition to these standard treatments, obstructive sleep apnea is sometimes also treated with an oral appliance or surgery. Oral appliances are devices that hold the tongue and jaw forward, opening up the airway. Several surgeries exist, many of which help shrink or remove airway blockages.