How Much Deep Sleep Do You Need?

What Is Deep Sleep?

Deep sleep, also called slow-wave sleep, occurs in the third stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. During deep sleep, electrical activity in the brain appears in long, slow waves called delta waves. These waves have a frequency of 0.5 to 2 Hertz Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source and they must make up at least 6 seconds of a 30-second window for that period to be considered deep sleep.

Typically, you descend into deep sleep within an hour of falling asleep, and experience progressively shorter periods of deep sleep as the night wears on. During deep sleep, body functions like breathing and heart rate are also very slow and your muscles are relaxed. It can be difficult for someone to wake you up, and waking up out of deep sleep may make you feel mentally foggy for up to an hour.

What Are the Other Stages of Sleep?

Once you fall asleep, your body cycles through three non rapid eye movement (NREM) stages of sleep followed by one rapid eye movement (REM) stage. It usually takes between 90 and 120 minutes Trusted Source Merck Manual First published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers. View Source to cycle through all four stages, after which the cycle starts again. Adults typically have four to six cycles per night. In the first half of the night you spend more time in NREM sleep. However, as the night goes on, you spend more and more time in REM sleep.

• Stage 1: This brief, drowsy stage marks the transition to sleep, when your breathing and heartbeat start to slow down.
• Stage 2: In this stage of light sleep, your breathing and heart rate slow even more. Your temperature drops, and your muscles relax. Stage 2 sleep lasts longer in each cycle throughout the night. About half of your total sleep every night is spent in this stage.
• Stage 3: Stage 3 sleep represents the deepest sleep of the sleep cycle, when brain waves are at their slowest in frequency and highest in amplitude.
• REM: As the name suggests, your eyes move quickly beneath your eyelids during REM sleep. Your brain activity is similar to that of a person who is awake. However, your muscles usually do not move. Experts believe most of our dreaming happens during REM sleep.

How Much Deep Sleep is Enough?

To calculate how much deep sleep you need, first determine how much sleep you need overall. Most adults should aim for at least seven hours Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source of sleep each night. Up to 20% of that time is typically spent in deep sleep.

Typically you descend into deep sleep within an hour of falling asleep, and experience progressively shorter periods of deep sleep as the night wears on. During this stage, automatic body functions like breathing and heart rate are also very slow and your muscles are relaxed. It can be difficult for someone to wake you up, and waking up out of deep sleep may make you feel mentally foggy for up to an hour.

To a certain extent, the body self-regulates deep sleep. For example, you might spend more time in deep sleep if you are recovering from a period of sleep deprivation. By contrast, people who nap frequently may experience less deep sleep, as part of their deep sleep needs have already been fulfilled during the day. As people age, they tend to have less deep sleep. Older adults usually get more stage 2 sleep instead.

Why Is Deep Sleep Important?

While all stages of sleep are necessary for good health, deep sleep offers specific physical and mental benefits. During deep sleep, your body releases growth hormone and works to build and repair muscles, bones, and tissue. Deep sleep also promotes immune system functioning. Additionally, slow-wave sleep may be important for regulating glucose metabolism Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source . Elite athletes value slow-wave sleep as it helps replenish energy stores Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source .

Deep sleep is important for cognitive function and memory, and it is thought to play a role in language learning, motor skills, and the developing brain. Throughout the day, you receive information inputs that strengthen the synapses, or points of communication, in the networks of your brain. However, your brain cannot take on information continually without rest.

Researchers suggest that deep sleep plays a role in preparing your synapses for the next day. Put another way, your brain evaluates new memories and then preserves and consolidates Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source only the ones that are most relevant to avoid saturating memory pathways. Although this theory is still under investigation, evidence shows that people obtain a higher proportion of deep sleep after learning a new task, and show higher concentrations of slow waves in brain areas related to the task.

Sleep Disorders Associated with Deep Sleep

Sleep disorders that are specifically linked to deep sleep are called disorders of arousal Trusted Source American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) AASM sets standards and promotes excellence in sleep medicine health care, education, and research. View Source and include sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and confusional arousals. While adults can experience these disorders, they are more common in children and adolescents.

Typically episodes of these disorders are short and the sleeper does not remember them. However, the events can impact your waking hours. Some people with disorders of arousal experience excessive daytime sleepiness. Others may accidentally injure themselves or others during an episode.

Measurements of the brain waves of sleepwalkers have found that many individuals continue to experience a certain proportion of slow waves — which are characteristic of deep sleep — during a sleepwalking episode. Adult sleepwalkers also display variances in slow-wave activity during the rest of the night.

What Happens When You Don’t Get Enough Deep Sleep?

In addition to causing fatigue, a lack of deep sleep can have a number of impacts on your body. Some indications you are not getting enough deep sleep include:

• Feeling unrefreshed and drowsy
• Reduced alertness and attention
• Trouble learning and forming new memories
• Cravings for high-calorie food

Because deep sleep is part of the memory formation process, you may struggle to consolidate memories after nights without enough deep sleep. Even after one night of insufficient sleep you may experience difficulty learning or remembering information.

On a physical level, insufficient deep sleep may decrease your immune response Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source to vaccines and leave you more vulnerable to infection. During deep sleep, potentially harmful waste products are eliminated from the brain. As a result, disruptions to deep sleep may also drive advancement of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source and Parkinson’s Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source disease.

Additionally, sleep deprivation is associated with hormonal changes that drive our appetite for high-calorie food. Going short on slow-wave sleep, in particular, is believed to contribute to insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Catching up on sleep may reverse some of these effects Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source .

Who Doesn’t Get Enough Deep Sleep?

As deep sleep occurs in multiple stints throughout the sleep period, anyone who sleeps for less than the recommended amount of hours is likely to get insufficient deep sleep. Fragmented sleep due to sleep disorders or sleeping at times that are not concordant with your natural sleep-wake rhythm may also diminish your percentage of slow-wave sleep. Stress and aging can also reduce levels of deep sleep.

Additionally, people with conditions such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease experience less slow wave sleep. Recently, some researchers have observed that people with a damaged hippocampus Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source , or memory center of the brain, experience much less slow wave sleep than people with an undamaged hippocampus. Accordingly, problems with memory formation may represent a cause, rather than a consequence, of less deep sleep.

Tips for Getting More Deep Sleep

Ensuring you get sufficient sleep overall can help you get the deep sleep you need. By establishing consistent sleep and wake times, you can develop a healthy sleep schedule for your body. Practicing good sleep hygiene can also help you get more sleep in total. Healthy sleep habits include:

• Exercising regularly
• Reducing caffeine intake in the afternoon and evening
• Ensuring you have a quiet, cool, and dark sleep environment
• Creating a relaxing routine to wind down in the evening

There are some additional steps you can try to encourage more deep sleep:

• Take a warm bath: Heating your body at least an hour before bedtime may help induce slow-wave sleep. The warmth from the bath draws heat to your hands and feet which then dissipates. The process allows you to cool down to a comfortable temperature for sleeping.
• Change your diet: What you eat and drink before bedtime impacts your sleep. One small study found that people eating a diet high in saturated fats obtained less slow-wave sleep Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source . People who ate more fiber were more likely to have more deep sleep.
• Listen to binaural beats: Binaural beats are created by listening to two slightly different tones, one in each ear. The difference between the frequencies of those tones creates a perceived third tone, or binaural beat. Limited research suggests that listening to delta wave binaural beats may help induce delta waves in the brain and therefore stage 3 sleep.