/ CPAP: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Common Side Effects of CPAP

Common Side Effects of CPAP

Updated February 27, 2024

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Table of Contents

Aerophagia
Discomfort and Skin Irritation
Claustrophobia
Infections
Nasal Congestion and Dry Nose
Dry Eyes and Dry Mouth
Tips for Preventing CPAP Side Effects
Adjusting CPAP Pressure to Avoid CPAP Side Effects
When to Talk to a Doctor

People with sleep apnea experience brief interruptions or reductions in breathing while they sleep. The symptoms of sleep apnea can include snoring or gasping for air during sleep, as well as difficulties with memory, concentration, and daytime sleepiness.

To avoid these unwanted symptoms, health care providers commonly recommend continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a treatment for sleep apnea. The purpose of a CPAP machine is to keep the upper airway open while a person sleeps. The device pushes pressurized air through an airtight mask into the throat, which prevents the airway from closing.

CPAP machines can reduce the symptoms Trusted Source National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders. View Source of sleep apnea and improve quality of life for people living with this condition. Despite the effectiveness of CPAP therapy as a treatment for sleep apnea, some people choose not to use their device consistently because of unwanted side effects Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. View Source .

For people new to CPAP or those struggling to use their CPAP machine consistently, we cover information about common CPAP side effects and strategies to improve the comfort of CPAP therapy.

Graphic summarizing the discussed side effects, including aerophagia and discomfort.

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Aerophagia

Aerophagia happens when a person swallows too much air Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. View Source . A person with aerophagia may experience abdominal discomfort, flatulence, and belching Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source because of the buildup of air in the gastrointestinal system. About 16% of CPAP users experience aerophagia due to swallowing pressurized air from the CPAP machine.

To reduce aerophagia Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. View Source , some CPAP users may benefit from switching to an automatic positive airway pressure (APAP) machine. While CPAP continuously uses the same level of air pressure, APAP alternates air pressure levels Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. View Source based on the sleeper’s breathing and snoring.

Discomfort and Skin Irritation

For some CPAP users, the CPAP mask can cause discomfort. Improperly fitting masks can create sores, rashes, and pressure ulcers Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source on the cheeks or nose. CPAP users sometimes report that mask use interferes with a hairstyle or leaves unwanted imprints on the face.

CPAP masks can also contribute to dermatitis Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source , a condition in which the skin becomes inflamed Trusted Source Medline Plus MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. View Source after coming into contact with certain substances. People who have dry skin prior to using CPAP have a greater likelihood of developing dermatitis.

Materials in the mask, such as silicone, can cause a reaction called allergic dermatitis. Common side effects of allergic dermatitis include redness and itching. In extreme cases, people with allergic dermatitis may experience blistering on the skin.

Claustrophobia

The fear of closed-in spaces, or claustrophobia Trusted Source Medline Plus MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. View Source , is a commonly reported side effect of CPAP Trusted Source Medscape Reference Medscape is on online destination for healthcare professionals worldwide, offering expert perspectives, drug and disease information, and professional education. View Source . Many CPAP users feel confined while wearing a mask that covers the nose. Researchers estimate that more than half of CPAP users Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source with obstructive sleep apnea have claustrophobic tendencies when starting to use the device.

CPAP users who continue to experience claustrophobia may prefer nasal pillows that are inserted into the nostrils, rather than using a nasal mask that covers the nose or a full-face mask that covers the nose and mouth. Another strategy is to wear the mask for short periods during restful activities, such as reading. This daytime wear can increase tolerance of both the mask and the CPAP pressure, making it more comfortable to use at night.

Infections

People who use CPAP machines may develop upper respiratory infections Trusted Source Medline Plus MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. View Source or sinus infections Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source . Bacteria and viruses in the mouth, throat, and lungs can enter the CPAP mask or hose while a person breathes during sleep. Allergens such as mold and dust can also enter the mask or hose.

If a CPAP machine is not cleaned properly, germs and allergens can build up within the device and may lead to illness.

Nasal Congestion and Dry Nose

Nasal congestion and runny nose can occur with CPAP use. People undergoing CPAP therapy may also experience dry nose from the forced air flowing into the nose. The flow of dry air can lead to nosebleeds and crusting. Dry noses with CPAP use are particularly common in climates with cold weather or low humidity.

Dry Eyes and Dry Mouth

People who use CPAP machines may experience dry mouth or dry eyes as a result of mask leaks. Mask leaks can occur when air enters through the nose and exits through the mouth. CPAP users who cannot close their mouths against the equipment or who breathe through their mouths while sleeping may experience dry mouth.

Mask leaks may also happen when a mask does not fit properly or does not seal well. Masks that do not provide an adequate seal may allow pressurized air to flow from the top of the mask toward the eyes. CPAP mask leaks can lead to dry eyes, which may be irritating and uncomfortable for the CPAP user.

Tips for Preventing CPAP Side Effects

Side effects of CPAP may discourage people from using their devices. By reducing or preventing side effects, CPAP users are more likely to use their devices consistently and experience the benefits of CPAP therapy.

Choose the Right Face Mask

Choosing a CPAP face mask that is comfortable and seals well can help reduce or prevent the side effects of CPAP therapy. Face masks come in a variety of styles and sizes. Nasal masks cover only the nose, while full-face masks cover both the nose and mouth. Nasal pillows are less obtrusive and cover just the nostrils, though they typically aren’t suitable for people who require high CPAP pressure settings.

CPAP users may need to try several styles and sizes before determining which mask is most comfortable and seals well. Ultimately, the best mask is the one that leads to consistent use of the CPAP machine.

In some cases, people may develop CPAP side effects after using their machine for a period of time because of weight or dental changes. Adding cushioning, selecting a new style of mask, or resizing a current mask may help resolve side effects.

Clean CPAP Machines Regularly

The CPAP mask and tubing should be cleaned daily because germs, mold, and dust can become trapped in the device. The Food and Drug Administration recommends following the device manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning. Face masks and hoses can typically be cleaned with gentle soap and warm water.

Devices are available that claim to disinfect CPAP equipment with ozone gas or ultraviolet light. However, the FDA has cautioned consumers Trusted Source U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices; and by ensuring the safety of our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. View Source that it has not yet determined whether these devices are safe or effective.

Consider CPAP Accessories

CPAP users who experience unwanted side effects may find relief with CPAP accessories or supplies.

Chin strap: A chin strap helps keep a person’s mouth closed during sleep. Chin straps can help prevent air leaks and reduce aerophagia symptoms that result from swallowing air.
Humidifiers: Some CPAP users experience dry mouth or dry nasal passages from inhaling pressurized air. Using a CPAP humidifier to add moisture to the pressurized air or humidifying the bedroom with a room humidifier can help alleviate dryness. Some CPAP humidifiers include a heating element to warm the air that is delivered through the hose and mask.
Heated tubes: Humid airflow can create excess condensation in a CPAP tube or even cause water to drip onto the user’s face. Heated tubes can prevent this unwanted condensation.
Mask liners: Mask liners provide an extra layer between the face and mask. The use of mask liners can reduce facial discomfort or skin irritation.
Barrier creams: Using barrier creams or gels can reduce skin irritation while wearing a CPAP mask.
Moisturizers: Petroleum-free moisturizers can reduce discomfort Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source caused by a CPAP mask and relieve dry or irritated skin.
Nasal sprays: CPAP users with stuffy noses may find saltwater nasal sprays helpful in relieving congestion.

Adjusting CPAP Pressure to Avoid CPAP Side Effects

Typically, the appropriate CPAP pressure for an individual is determined during an overnight sleep study. However, in the first weeks of CPAP use, pressure levels may need to be adjusted to reduce the risk of side effects.

Additionally, if the CPAP user’s lifestyle or body changes, the CPAP pressure may need to be adjusted. Changes that may affect the appropriate pressure include fluctuations in weight and the use of sedatives or alcohol.

Some CPAP users may benefit from using a pressure ramp. Rather than initiating the full CPAP pressure at once, a pressure ramp is a feature on some CPAP machines that increases pressure over a specific period of time set by a health care provider. A pressure ramp allows the CPAP user to fall asleep before feeling the full pressure from the machine.

When to Talk to a Doctor

If you experience uncomfortable side effects when using your CPAP machine at any point in your treatment, consult your doctor.

People who use CPAP machines typically meet with a health care provider one to eight weeks Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. View Source after starting treatment. During this follow-up visit, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and may review data from your device. Your provider can make adjustments to your CPAP machine based on your needs and can offer other treatment suggestions if appropriate.

Medical Disclaimer: The content on this page should not be taken as medical advice or used as a recommendation for any specific treatment or medication. Always consult your doctor before taking a new medication or changing your current treatment.

Written By

Jay Summer, Staff Writer

Jay Summer is a health content writer and editor. She holds a B.S. in psychology and master's degrees in writing and public policy.

Medically Reviewed by

Dr. Abhinav Singh, Sleep Medicine Physician MD

Dr. Singh is the Medical Director of the Indiana Sleep Center. His research and clinical practice focuses on the entire myriad of sleep disorders.

Learn more about our Editorial Team

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